08.1 Holding Principles
Training Objective
To understand the purpose and application of holding in an en-route environment.
Key Knowledge
- Purpose of holding
- When to apply holding
- Impact on traffic flow
Operational Application
Controllers shall:
- Use holding to regulate traffic flow
- Apply holding when demand exceeds capacity
- Maintain separation within the hold
1. Overview
Holding is used to delay aircraft in a controlled manner when traffic demand exceeds available capacity.
2. Core Content
2.1 Purpose of Holding
- Delay absorption
- Traffic sequencing
- Flow regulation
2.2 When to Use Holding
- Sector overload
- Arrival congestion
- Downstream restrictions
3. Procedures
3.1 Application
- Holding shall be applied before congestion becomes unmanageable
- Aircraft shall be issued clear holding instructions
4. Standards
- Separation shall be maintained at all times within the hold
5. Notes
- Late use of holding leads to instability